A systematic review of electricity market liberalisation and its alignment with industrial consumer participation: A comparison between the Nordics and China

The alignment between electricity market liberalisation and consumer participation is essential to improve efficiency, increase system flexibility support the transition a low-carbon system. However, consumer-side participants, especially large energy consumers, remain passive actors in markets have little or no strategy. Therefore, this paper aims examine status properties industrial criteria, investigate influence of design intervention on participation. A multi-criteria suitability evaluation proposed for examination investigation two markets, Nordic region China. results show that more liberalised provides good incentives cost savings but fails address other criteria such as financial security ease adoption; regulated less competitive submarkets Chinese provide opportunities strategic are easier adopt give consumers better long-term overviews. In general, context strongly influences preferred type Nonetheless, ensure participation, irrespective stage liberalisation. required amount depends amongst others submarket, service it grid. developed method applicable different types, can be used by policymakers strategy planning.